Vocative Definition and Examples in English Grammar

A vocative is a word or phrase used to address a reader or listener directly, usually in the form of a personal name, title, or term of endearment (Bob, Doctor, and  Snookums, respectively). The persons name or term of address is set off in the sentence with vocative commas. In  speech, the vocative is indicated by  intonation, meaning that an  utterance  is usually  accented  or emphasized. The grammar term for a sentence that uses a vocative is called being in the  vocative case (or direct address), and the term itself comes from a Latin word meaning call. Key Takeaways: Vocative When you address someone by name, youre using the vocative case.When you write a sentence with direct address, you set off the name with vocative commas.  When a vocative starts off with you, its likely negative—unless said in a sweet tone of voice. For example, You dork. How to Use the Vocative Case When you use  direct address, by definition you are speaking (or writing) to someone directly. Using a persons name gets his or her attention and can show respect (using a formal title) or emotion (term of endearment or derogatory name). A vocative doesnt have to be a proper noun. It can also be a noun phrase (as in the last example). Mary, do you want to go to the concert with me?Thank you so much, honey, for doing that for me.I dont know what Id do without you, Tim!Well, doctor, whats your conclusion?Professor, I have a question.  Son, we need to talk.Where are you, my little bookworm? Notice that these sentences are in  second  person, as they have  you  in them, or you is understood because of the direct address. Animals and objects can be in the vocative case as long as the sentence is talking directly to them. Darn it, keys, where the heck did I put you?Fido, stop chewing on the couch. Negatives Of course, theres a negative side to terms of endearment. Author Leslie Dunkling describes that in English, they often start off with you as a part of the vocative phrase, in the structure of you adjective noun. Typical realizations of the formula would be: you bloody fool, you bloody swine, you cheeky sod, you dirty bastard, you lying bastard, you old cow, you stupid bitch. Often the adjective is omitted, you bastard, you bitch, you fool being preferred. She also notes, however, that with the right tone and context, these insults can also be terms of endearment or lighthearted. Of course, a vocative phrase doesnt have to start with you to be negative or insulting; it just has to  be in second person.   Get out of my way, jerkface. Setting Off With the Vocative Comma In writing, you set off the name, term of endearment, or persons title with a comma (a vocative comma) at the start or end of a sentence, or with two commas if the name is in the middle of the sentence. In spoken language, theres typically a pause where the comma would be. When to Avoid the Vocative Comma Not every utterance of a persons name or title is direct address. If youre speaking or writing about someone in the third person (he, she, it), thats not vocative case or direct address, and commas arent used to set off the name or epithet. Some of the sentences here are in the first person, but they still use third to refer to the person spoken about. Mary went to the concert with me.I thanked my honey for the help.I dont know what Id do without Tim.I asked the doctor what her conclusion was.  I had a question for the professor.He needed to talk to his son.Where is my little bookworm? Its important to know the distinction because there are times when the lack of a vocative comma in a sentence can create confusion.   Direct address, talking to Kelly: I dont know, Kelly.Not direct address, talking about Kelly: I dont know Kelly.   Careful Use of the Comma Watch out for run-on sentences when using the vocative comma in the middle of a sentence. A name is not a conjunction that can join two independent clauses.   Run-on: Thank you so much, Shelly, I dont know what Id do without you.Correction: Thank you so much, Shelly. I dont know what Id do without you.  Or: Thank you so much. Shelly, I dont know what Id do without you.   Source Dunkling, Leslie. A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address. Routledge, 1990.

Blake Mycoskie of Toms Shoes Essay Example

Essays on Blake Mycoskie of Toms Shoes Essay The paper "Blake Mycoskie of Toms Shoes" is a perfect example of a business essay.  Toms shoes is a company shoe company that started way back in the year 2006. Its rampant growth has been felt all across the world (Toms, 2013). Today, the company has donated over 2 million pairs of shoes to needy children across the world. The company has recently expanded to include Toms eyewear which aims at helping patients in need to restore sight. Blake’s sympathy for needy children greatly propelled this innovative idea that has transformed into a major business enterprise. Blake appears to be a vivid leader who remains a great inspiration to many young people. His leadership style has significantly contributed to his success (Toms, 2013).Blake has been referred to as a servant leader. Servant leaders are described as those who put the concerns of others first. This type of leadership is driven by the question â€Å"what is best for my followers?’ servant leadership as explain ed by Greenleaf identifies that servant leadership is shaped by five principles (Greenleaf, 1996).First is a concern for people. The concern for others is clear in as far as Blake is concerned. Basis of the formation of the company tells it all. After observing that kids in Argentina stayed without shoes, he was touched greatly and this drove him into considering setting up a shoe company that could look into the needs of such kids (Toms, 2013). Toms Shoes today is shaped by the fact that for every shoe bought, a pair of shoes is donated to a poor child in Africa or Southern America. Blake is involved in travels around the world to deliver these shoe donations. One can argue that his concern has less to do with the employees but rather takes a different angle altogether. Looking back at the company, today Toms Shoes has over 72 employees who run the activities of the company (Toms, 2013). Toms is concerned about the welfare of the employees and this is what has significantly built t he status of the company.Stewardship is another principle that Blake has successfully integrated into his leadership. His social responsibility has greatly impacted his success. The company’s social responsibility was recognized in 2009 when he was awarded the ACE Award by Hillary Clinton. Through a demonstrated understanding of other people’s needs, Toms Shoes has shown a great impact on society by donating shoes and helping needy people with eyes problems (Bennis Nanus, 1997).Equity and justice is the third principle that has defined Blake’s leadership. This regards to fairness in office management that is a paramount characteristic that brings harmony in the working environment. Toms Shoes company employees have given information that regards to how Blake treats them in equity. He demonstrates no biasness in management a thing that has seen employees remain greatly motivated (Farling, Stone, Winston, 1999).The fourth principle is indebtedness. This refers t o positive expectations that employees expect from their leaders. Leaders need to positively impact on their employees (Greenleaf, 1996). Self-understanding is the last principle that is associated with servant leadership. Blake understands and makes appropriate changes in the work environment to suit the need of the employees. These principles have far-reaching effects and have increasingly resulted in the great success of his enterprise (Gonzaga University Greenleaf, 2005).ReferencesBennis, W., Nanus, B. (1997). Leaders: Strategies for taking charge. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Farling, M. L., Stone, A. G., Winston, B. E. (1999). Servant leadership: Setting the stage for empirical research. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1/2), 49-72.Gonzaga University Greenleaf Center. (2005). The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 1(1), 3-27.Greenleaf, R. K. (1996). On becoming a servant leader. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc.Toms. (2013). Blake Mycoskie. Retrieved fro m http://www.toms.ca/blakes-bio.

Technological Advances and their Effects on Media of Art Free Essays

Some people find comfort in being involved in art. For them, their creations are the product of self-expressions that have no other better way of being expressed than through art. Some feel that they connect to the world or to their surroundings and arouse feelings through art. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Advances and their Effects on Media of Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now There may be some people whose passions center on art. For whatever reasons, art has become one of the areas where changes took place. Particularly, the media of art changed through the many technological advances that were introduced into the public. Art can be defined in many ways. There were traditional and contemporary definitions of art (Adajian). Generally, art refers to creative human endeavors. It also refers to any product of a creative impulse. Although it usually refers to visual arts, art also includes music, plastic arts, performing arts, and decorative arts. Moreover, art has many forms, including music, sculpture, painting, literature, performance art, drawing, and architecture. With the changing times and new technologies, art has included other forms such as conceptual art, computer art, photography, comics, video art, and film (WordIQ). All of these forms of art evolved as the world slowly became modernized. Recent technological advances have also placed great burden on some of the traditional media of art such as pencil and canvas. Many people think that along with hi-tech devices such as computer and camera, the use of pencil, coloring materials, ink or paint would become obsolete. Other technological advances that affected the media of art will be discussed as follows. The Quantel Paintbox The Quantel paintbox, which was launched in 1981, is a computer system which aids in manipulating video and in creating graphics. Through Quantel paintbox, the production of television graphics was further developed and improved. Quantel paintbox can now be run on workstations, unlike before when only hardware can run it. Moreover, professionals use Quantel paintbox up to this day for TV production. It was used extensively in creating artwork for the â€Å"Painting With Light,† which was a 1986 BBC series. Additionally, the Quantel was used in Arte, a European Network which created original TV designs. There were also new designs made for Quantel, namely: the Paintbox, Paintbox gQ, and QPaintbox (BroadcastEngineering). Computer Computer impacted the media of art in such a way that no traditional art media is needed to create art. For instance, with just the mouse, an artist can create cartoons and visual effects, unlike before when artists really must use pencil and paper. Artists before used materials for creating a film and sometimes these materials were unstable. For instance, images were placed in cels, or sheets of clear plastic. To avoid creating brushstrokes, colors must be manually painted from the back of the cel. Artists also used substances such as cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate during the early 1900s. But today, artists are spared from using materials that decompose (Worth). Moreover, the ease of using computer and saving the works in it is an advantage that traditional medium cannot compete with. An artist can make use of visual or special effects with just a few clicks. A lyricist can write his songs in the computer. There is even software which allows the recording of songs. The invention of the computer has encouraged artists to use it for art purposes. Animation Software We see it on movies. From The Lion King to Bolt. There are even movies where humans and cartoon characters were incorporated as though the world of humans and that of the cartoons are one. Thanks to animation softwares that are of much help, everything can be possible today. The implementation of animation softwares among artists has also affected the media of art in major ways. With these softwares, it is much easier for artists to make animations. However, traditional media of art is still used. For instance, an artist creates a storyboard using pencil before the output can be fed into the computer for further changes or improvements. In another instance, character designs are created first by animators or artists. Then these designs would be produced on Model Sheets (or photographic stats) before distribution to the other artists (Worth). Camera Camera was first invented in 1841 by Joseph Nicephore Niepce. It has evolved from the machine that only takes images from the dark to the high-tech ones today (ShotAddict). With the invention of the camera, photography became the â€Å"in† thing. As time passed by, many more persons added features to the first camera. There was the invention of film, and now there are digital cameras which do not use films. It is also much easier to print out pictures taken by a digital camera. With the appearance of digicams, the traditional cameras slowly become obsolete, although there are still some artist which prefer using ones that they can manipulate Paints From the paints that were used on canvas, now there are paints that can be used for clothing, foils, and specialty papers. With these paints, artists can turn any flat surface into printable surface. These paints have affected paint as a traditional medium of art because now paints are not only limited to paper or canvas (ArtMedia). With the fast paced world, art has been under a lot of changes, particularly in its media. Pencils, markers, paints and the other materials that were used before were now substituted with more hi-tech materials such as computer, camera, and animation softwares. However, despite the technological advances, art has always been there and man continually seek art. How to cite Technological Advances and their Effects on Media of Art, Papers

Examining the Encryption Threat-.com

Question: Should Encryption Technologies be restricted? Answer: Introduction The interest in the encryption originates from the background of technological know-how transforming business. Presently the rise to acquire communications has propagated on the progression of the encryption schemes to be able to protect the integrity of the data because it is been transferred electronically (Ball, Borger and Greenwald, 2013). There are a number of the security services that are involved with the encryption outside the problem of the privacy: confidentiality- that is the assurance which the events involved with the communication possess a distinctive understanding of the message; authentication- the guarantee which the parties required are who they say are. Encryption safeguards our information, specific whenever it is sitting on our computer systems and in the information facilities. This assist it whenever it is being transmitted around the World Wide Web (Ou, Chung, H.Y. and Sung, 2006). The protection of the information is important to everybody. The utilization of the encryption is most effective in case it is ubiquitous along with automatic. The two kind of the encryption that happen to be primarily used are the Https URLS on the browser along with the handset to the tower link for the mobile phone calls (Koops, 2006). The encryption needs to be allowed for everything by the delinquency, rather than a function you may switch on only when you are carrying out something you believe essential and even worth safeguarding (Koops, 2006). Encryption continues to be the most important security preserving technological innovation that is right now there in the world, one which is distinctly suited would be to protect against the bulk surveillance- this really is mainly done by the authorities to be able to manage on their populations in addition to their criminals who are searching for the susceptible victims. Through forcing both to focus on their attacks against individuals, we protect the society (Ou, Chung and Sung, 2006). It is important to n ote that just as much as encryption is important as well as crucial in protection of our data when utilized by the wrong people for instance the criminals the law enforcement officials could become incapable to prevent these people from committing crimes of extraordinary magnitude (Siegfried, Siedsma, Countryman and Hosmer, 2004). Existence of indestructible encryption could render these kinds of methods of the electronic surveillance worthless, even though the law enforcement authorities might intercept on the communication that are created by the criminals they may be not able to decipher on the encrypted messages. In this research I argue as to why the encryption should be restricted. On the first issue as to why encryption should be restricted is to enable that illegal activities are not protected by the strong encryption and that the law enforcement agencies have the access of the data that can be used to fight crime and prevent the acts of terrorism (Scarfone, Souppaya and Sexton, 2007). In some tech industry it has been observed that they are encrypting data with strong encryption such that the companies are not able to access on the information of the customer to comply with the court orders and the warrants from the courts (Ball, Borger and Greenwald, 2013). The regulation of the encryption should require a licensing where only certain firms or individuals who meet the predetermined criteria are allowed to use the encryption. This this means it would allow illegal activities are protected from these encryption and the law enforcement are able to target the individual who break the law (Siegfried, Siedsma, Countryman and Hosmer, 2004). Another issue is that through restricting of the encryption to allow the enforcement officials to regulate on the encryption for the good of the public safety through providing a back door to access the information that is encrypted in the special circumstances (Scarfone, Souppaya and Sexton, M., 2007). over the past it has been observed that criminals are using unbreakable encryption to communicate with one another which renders the methods of the surveillance to be useless, to an extent that the law enforcement officials are not able to intercept the communication that are made between the criminal as they are unable to decipher on the messages that are encrypted (Tavani and Moor, 2001). When there encryption are restricted the law officials are able to monitor on every communication that is made and as result be able to identify criminals that are conspiring to do harm and at the same time protect the public from the danger they pose through their criminal activities (Scarfone, So uppaya and Sexton, 2007). This would be a preventive measure of a criminal activity before it occurred. Another issue for the need of restricting of the encryption would be to control as well as monitor on the strong encryption. According to the policy in the US companies are not allowed to exports the products that has a strong encryption, unless there has been the recovery features, which would allow the government to have access to the encryption keys (Scarfone, Souppaya and Sexton, 2007). The purpose of this would prevent the export of product which may pose threat to the national security. It would allow the organization to secure their own intellectual property from getting into the wrong hands. On a certain level this restriction would protect the information of the company which when fell on the wrong hands could compromise on their operation and their intellectual property rights in case it is stolen by the criminals. The argument against the motion: encryption should not be restricted. First it is important to understand that encryption is intended to protect individuals data from the unwanted access, this is important to every individuals and not the selected few (Ou, Chung and Sung, 2006). Having an encryption has the ability of protecting our data as well as devices from the malicious attackers. What we should ask is that who determines what data is significant and what is not. We as the individuals should be given the opportunity when it comes to determing which of our data that deem important and worthy of being strongly encrypted (Ou, Chung and Sung, 2006). I an m of the opinion that individuals need to maintain some sort of the privacy in this age where we are being constantly tracked through the traffic cams or perhaps through the electronic footprint left on the internet. There is constant exposure of the possibility of personal data falling in the hands of the criminals. Encryption is important particularly in preserving on the individuals privacy, howeve r it should not replace our security (Siegfried, Siedsma, Countryman and Hosmer, 2004). There are limitation as to where encryption does not protect our devices from being hacked, but rather facilitates on the protection of our data which we believe to be important and necessary for our privacy to remain much intact. Conclusion There are various regulations in effect worldwide which relates to the protection of the private and the sensitive data. This can be achieved through the encryption of the data, some of which has focused on the protection of the specific information in the industry. The widespread of the use of the encryption has been a necessary consequence of the revolution of the information. With the coming of the electronic communication on the computer networks, individuals need a way of ensuring the both the conversation and transaction has remained confidential. Nonetheless, as much as these encryption are providing privacy and protection of the data there are being used by the criminals and the terrorists to prevent the authorities from intercepting on their communication. In my view the encryption should be restricted. The reason for restricting on the encryption would to enable the law enforcement to have access and intercept the communication that are made between the criminal as they are unable to decipher on the messages that are encrypted. Moreover, it would make sure that all the illegal activities are not protected by the strong encryption as well as the law enforcement agencies. References Ball, J., Borger, J. and Greenwald, G., 2013. Revealed: how US and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security. The Guardian, 6. Koops, B.J., 2006. Should ICT regulation be technology-neutral?. Ou, S.C., Chung, H.Y. and Sung, W.T., 2006. Improving the compression and encryption of images using FPGA-based cryptosystems. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 28(1), pp.5-22. Scarfone, K., Souppaya, M. and Sexton, M., 2007. Guide to storage encryption technologies for end user devices. NIST Special Publication, 800, p.111. Siegfried, J., Siedsma, C., Countryman, B.J. and Hosmer, C.D., 2004. Examining the encryption threat. International Journal of Digital Evidence, 2(3). Tavani, H.T. and Moor, J.H., 2001. Privacy protection, control of information, and privacy-enhancing technologies. ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, 31(1), pp.6-11

Mtv Essays - Viacom Media Networks, MTV, Music Video,

Mtv MTV Everyone remembers Michael Jackson's red leather jacket covered with zippers and the sexy style of Madonna. MTV, or music television, nationally publicizes these images and entertainers, and others like them. The station also promotes an idealized teen lifestyle, reflecting the images of these famous artists, that contrasts with the realities of the Generation X lifestyle. While some view the station as illustrated radio or an entertainment network for viewers' pleasure, others more accurately assess it as an advertising enterprise that endorses products and promotes attitudes. The advertisements that are both hidden in videos and placed in regular slots, influence viewers. Whether or not MTV critics agree with these messages that the network sends out, it has become a huge franchise generating large profits and great popularity. During the 1980's, MTV grew from being strictly a music video station to an original, three-station network that became the choice of several generations of viewers and the advertisers who court them. MTV's entertainment, commercialism, and messages satisfy and influence many types of viewers, giving them a healthy sense of group identity. In 1981, MTV became one of the first stations to be able to appeal to such a populous audience as the twelve to twenty-four year old age group. The chief operating officer of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company (WASEC) felt that there was a body of young people being ignored, hence the company designed MTV (Denisoff 37). Although at first success was unpredictable, the MTV network fought off competition by such competitors as the powerful Turner Broadcasting System (Daspin 20). There isn't room for two or three services doing the same thing, commented MTV's Bob Pittman (Hedegaard 38). Later, the MTV network came out with VH1, or Video Hits One, a music station for older viewers, and Nickelodeon, a children's service station (Daspin 19). These two stations and the original MTV station gave the network a station for an audience of just about any age, satisfying many advertisement agencies. Once the advertisement industry noticed the MTV network's popularity, it became a very desirable sales medium. Advertising agent Kevin Burns explains that if you're a national advertiser and you buy teens, you're going to buy MTV (Viacom 11). MTV appealed to its viewers by constantly televising popular singers and other role models. A music video endorses many nonmaterial items, as well as material items. Regular inter-program commercials usually promote brands of physical items. However, in music videos with popular singers, messages and images are promoted to the viewer. Videos increase an entertainer's popularity, thus promoting his/her record, producer, type of music, style of dance, and physical image. This popularity increases profit for many industries. The artist's record sales boom, benefiting the record company, the record stores, and any other person involved in the process o f production. MTV was dealing with the [record] labels, not the artists, states R. Serge Denisoff (154). In addition, clothing companies benefit when the singer wears their brand. Creative director Judy McGrath feels that MTV videos are almost a subliminal fashion show, meaning that clothing brands and styles are introduced and publicized through music videos (Denisoff 258). Lastly, fine arts companies, specifically dance and music, increase in popularity as people wish to imitate the musicians. A perfect example of this advertising scenario is Michael Jackson's Beat It video. In the early 1980's the already popular pop singer came onto the screen wearing a red leather jacket and a sparkling glove. He introduced an ankle-flicking dance style that moved to the beat of his pop-style music. Soon children across America were wearing replicas of the clothes and moon-walking down the schools' hallways. In this scenario, Michael Jackson, pop music, red leather jackets, dancing, and Motown Records all became popular. With so many brands and agencies wanting to place their ads on MTV, the network itself needed to advertise its own information and existence in some way to increase its own profit. The network began to air animated segments after commercial breaks that endorsed the MTV logo. Then in 1989, the network issued In The Bin, a newsletter designed to unite MTV, VH1, and retailers (Newman, MTV Spreads 55). The newsletter included advertisements and information about new developments in the MTV Network.

Nature Atmosphere and Better Place Essay

Nature Atmosphere and Better Place Essay Nature: Atmosphere and Better Place Essay Nature Cause and Effect Is the earth being harmed or are we making it a better place? Humans have a great impact on Mother Earth. Everything we do, however small or big one way or another affects the earth either positively or negatively. The readings of John Muir, ‘A Wind Storm in the Forest,’ and Chief Seattle’s ‘Address’ show that there was a spiritual connection to nature whereas Al Gore’s ‘Remarks to Climate Change Conference, April 1994† relates more to the physical aspects of why should we preserve or natural environment. They all used one principle of nature; everything is connected. Nonetheless, while the actions of Mother Nature is embraced on a more spiritual level by John Muir and Chief Seattle I agree that Al Gore’s approach is more effective in showing that we are really the ones causing damage to the earth and it is not just a freak of nature. People are constantly improving their quality of life through increasing knowledge and developing technology. They learn how to turn lush green acres of land in to creative and unique architecture and multi-connecting roads to expand their territories. This is progress to mankind but its regress in the eyes of nature. Many people believe that the earth is a better place due to human activities. That may have some truth in that human has found ways to live a easier life. However, there is the large number of persons that agree that human activities are doing more harm than good to the earth. Three causes of the earth being damaged are global warming, deforestation and pollution. In the New York Times Justin Gillis wrote that scientist at the United Nation Panel Discussion reported that â€Å"Human influence has being detected in warming the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in some climate extremes,† he went on and reported â€Å"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause the observed warming since the mid-20th century.† For instance, using air conditioning, driving, and deforestation for furniture bring about toxic pollution to the air. Driving produces a gas call carbon monoxide that

Comparison of behavior and its consequential rewards or punishments Term Paper

Comparison of behavior and its consequential rewards or punishments and how it is treated by the author, in Dante's inferno, Boc - Term Paper Example These already difficult circumstances were intensified by seven terrible waves of the Back Plague between years 1347 and 1400, which killed at least a third of the European population. On top of that, Western Europe was shattered by a long and exhausting war between England and France: the Hundred Year’s War. On such a dark background, full of sorrow and turmoil, the Church became incapable to maintain its position as a spiritual leader, as a source for relief and as a provider of ideas to help society to recover and rebuild itself. With epidemic and famine spreading everywhere and the church officials, which fell into corruption and hypocrisy, incapable of providing spiritual shelter as they previously used to, the people in Europe downgraded into some sort of cosmic insecurity. Thus, they started to screen their society for faults and wrongs, questioning the absolute power of the Catholic Church and trying to approach God not through priests, monks and other representatives of the Church, who became rich, greedy and corrupt, but through their own readings and interpretations of the Bible2. In England, John Wyclif3, distinct philosopher and theologian, criticized the wrongdoings of the Church and their corrupt ways to gain wealth and power. Therefore, the emergence of such new, progressive and obviously, heretic opinions were a clear evidence that change in scholastic and common thought was occurring. The great writers at that time could not, given the circumstances, remain indifferent to that complicated, yet fascinating scenery of the 14th century. Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio and Geoffrey Chaucer decided to incorporate all the main aspects of the 14th century society and religion in their works, creating elaborate mirrors of social conduct, behavior, spirituality and other main concerns at the time. In this paper, I will analyze and compare the relationship between behavior and punishment in Cantos III and XII from Dante's Inferno, Tale Nine, Day Two from Boccaccio's Decameron and The Pardoner’s Tale from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales are considered to stand for Chaucer’s masterpiece, in which he portrays the English society at the time, reuniting representatives from each social class who tell a tale in their own language, style and manner of thought. The Pardoner’s tale is told by a pardoner4 who introduces his story with a confession about the deceptive character of his occupation and he reveals secrets of his profession, explaining the fact that he was selling useless things as holy relics. Therefore, Chaucer presents the corrupt and immoral nature of such practices, which sold people fake hope and did nothing else but create more wealth in the name of the Church. The tales commences with the presentation of the main characters- three young men who were leading sinful lives. Their immoral behavior is generously described: they were men who liked to party excessively, spend time in bars drinking and eating in an excessive manner and worst of all, they did not see any wrongdoing in the way they lived: â€Å"And each of them at others' sins would laugh† (Chaucer 14). On top of that, they swore, cursed and used God’s name in vain, while indulging themselves in sexual activities with young dancers, singers and other women. This detailed description aims to present the three young men as

Male Verses Female Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Male Verses Female Leaders - Essay Example The men believe that the decisions should quickly get across the board while the women tend to be smooth within their leadership perspectives. Their leadership styles bank a great deal on how their tasks get done with their own perspectives. Since men believe that they can be aggressive and are good at it, their work and hence the leadership angle is filled with a hard-hitting approach while the exact opposite is the case with women who do it mildly, thinking time and again on the decisions they are about to undertake. When it comes to the two sexes, the leadership styles are sometimes shared within them. Some women tend to be good at leadership by being hard-hitting in their approach while some men like to do it in a mild way nonetheless (Winter 2001). What is most important here is the approach adopted by both of these sexes in order to showcase their control and take the responsibility for the leadership roles that they have played all this while. I believe that men are better leaders than women. This is based on pure research more than my intent. I am of the view that since men have been better leaders up till this time, it is only natural to credit them with praise when the discussion centers on the premise of who makes a better leader between the two sexes. The world has started to view things differently however. First it was all about men being in pertinent positions but this is not the case any more as more and more women are taking up the leadership roles and that too for the betterment of not only their professional domains but also the organizations that they work for. I would prefer to work for a male leader more than a woman because I believe the male leaders take everything into their grasps before taking a decision which could be regarded as one that is purely from a leadership perspective. My opinion is based on my prior work experiences where I had this woman leader who did not know what to do and how to work

Dune and The Dispossessed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dune and The Dispossessed - Essay Example An excellent example of how Herbert brings the principles of general semantics to life in Dune is found in the Bene Gesserit, "an ancient school of physical and mental training for females" (Touponce p.18). For centuries, the Bene Gesserit have conducted a human breeding program with the objective of eventually producing a person with superior mental powers whom they refer to as the "Kwisatz Haderach" or "one who can be many places at once" (Herbert p.508). All signs indicate that Paul Atreides might be that person. To create Bene Gesserit training Herbert combined principles of general semantics with yoga, Zen, biofeedback, and nonverbal communication to produce these powerful beings of superior intelligence and ability (O'Reilly p.60). Meaning in this passage stems almost exclusively from gesture and not from spoken language. Both Jessica and Paul show their respect for the Reverend Mother, but only minimally and without wasted effort. This economy of gesture and language provides for effective communication with a minimum of effort, and is the foundation of "ecological semantics." Paul's actions serve as proof for what the Reverend Mother already knows about Jessica's training of the boy. Paul is powerless and under the control of t... Here, the capitalized term "Voice" refers to an aspect of Bene Gesserit training where, through shadings of tone in voice utterances, a user can control others (Herbert p.532). This passage reveals Paul's understanding of the power of language. Assigning physical qualities to the words personifies their power. The words are "outlined in brilliance," have "an edge," and are capable of lifting Paul "out of his fleshworld." Even Herbert's emphasis on the power of language found in the ordinary spoken word, (i.e. lower case "voice") is evident throughout the novel. At times it is subtle; at others it is overtly stated. An examination of the episode in which Paul makes himself known to the Fremen reveals Herbert's emphasis on language in action. In the epigraph preceding the chapter, a quotation from the "Private Reflections on Muad'Dib," the Princess Irulan, chronicler of Paul's life and times, overtly acknowledges the power of language: "Does the prophet see the future or does he see a weakness, a fault or cleavage that he may shatter with words or decisions as a diamond-cutter shatters his gem with a blow of a knife" (Herbert)).277). The episode that follows represents a pivotal point in the novel for it vividly recounts the Fremens' capture of Jessica and Paul after their ordeal of escape into the desert. More importantly, however, this experience marks Paul's entry into the Fremen culture to whose le adership he eventually will ascend. From this pivotal point forward, Paul faces many challenges and tests over a period of time which serve to solidify his position as leader of the Fremen in their quest for control of Arrakis. Paul matures and develops into manhood. In the novel's climatic scene, Paul and the

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde (20) 1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of its natural substrate ethanol to form acetaldehyde. The Km of AD, from rhinoceros livers, for ethanol is 1 X 10-3M. This enzyme is however somewhat non-specific and will recognize substrates other than ethanol. How would the kinetic plot be affected if AD were to separately catalyze methanol and isopropanol instead of ethanol? Assume that the overall Vmax remains the same in all 3 cases. How would the Km change for methanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Km change for isopropanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Kms of methanol and isopropanol compare (which higher than the other or about the same). Based upon your knowledge of the mechanisms by which enzymes work, briefly explain how you decided to place your new Kms. Hint: The alcohols are being added separately. There is not any kind of competition between the alcohols. They are not included in the same reaction. For your reference, the structures of these alcohols are below. Because ethanol is the natural substrate of Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), AD would have a higher affinity and bind more readily to ethanol than other alcohols, including methanol and isopropanol. Because AD has a higher affinity for ethanol than other alcohols, its Km would be lower than methanol and isopropanol. The lower the Michaelis constant (Km) the less substrate required to get to  ½ Vmax or  ½ the maximum reaction rate and the higher the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Higher Km means more substrate concentration to reach  ½ Vmax and less affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Vmax or the maximum reaction rate can be approached, but never actually reached. The Km for methanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for methanol. The Km for isopropanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for isopropanol . The Km for methanol would be lower than the Km for isopropanol and show a higher affinity for AD. The Michaielis-Menten kinetic plot would reflect a Km of 110-3M at  ½ Vmax for ethanol, a Km greater than 110-3M for methanol and a Km greater than the Km of methanol for isopropanol. The overall Vmax is the same for all three, so the  ½ Vmax for all three will stay the same. The plotted curve would become less vertical with the initial angle for ethanol becoming more acute and the curve becoming more linear as it changed from ethanol to methanol to isopropanol. Ethanol is ADs natural substrate, so based on enzyme mechanisms, it is able to bind more readily to AD due to its size and shape which fits ADs active site and allows ethanol to get close enough to create hydrogen bonds. The substrate and enzyme change confirmation and become destabilized which stabilizes the transition state, lowers the energy of activation and allows easier formation of the reaction products. Methanol and isopropanol do not bind as well, likely due to their structure or size and shape. Methanol is one carbon shorter which would prevent it from fitting in the AD site as well as ethanol and has fewer numbers of hydrogens, reducing H-bonding potential. Isopropanol is one carbon larger than ethanol which might make it too bulky to effectively bind to AD. Isopropanol is a secondary alcohol, with two carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the OH, creating a bulky Y shape and not a chain alcohol like methanol and ethanol. This conformation and bulky shape prevents isopropanol from binding more readily than methanol, which is similar to ethanols linear shape. (10) 2. Briefly explain the protein cleavage involved in the maturation of an insulin molecule from proinsulin. Briefly explain 3 reasons why it is important that insulin be made as an inactive precursor requiring editing. Hint: Think in terms of things that would be important to the action of insulin (decreasing blood sugar). Protein cleavage is post-translational processing. Proinsulin is the precursor to insulin. Proinsulin is a polypeptide chain that loops around to form two disulfide bonds between four cysteine amino acids, two near either end. Endopeptidase cuts two molecules by proteolysis to remove the middle portion of the polypeptide. The final disulfide stabilized protein is insulin. Inactive proinsulin allows for optimal intracellular insulin stores that can be edited or activated quickly if needed to lower blood sugar and quickly prevent hyperglycemia. Proinsulins can be produced rapidly in response to elevated blood sugar with the post-translational processing switched off quickly; leaving the inactive molecules, once blood sugar is under control. Proinsulin is important because it is not degraded until it is needed, thus does not cause harmful low blood sugar levels and maintains sustained basal levels of insulin in the body. (10) 3. Briefly and individually outline the mechanisms of action for covalent, competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors indicating how they effect enzyme action. For each type of inhibitor, describe a unique example of how we could learn something valuable, and at least somewhat practical, about an enzyme from each type of inhibitor study. The mechanism of action for covalent enzyme inhibitors is covalent binding in the enzyme active site and thus preventing substrate binding. This is irreversible and completely deactivates the enzyme requiring more enzymes to be produced to catalyze the reaction. This could tell us what amino acids bind in the enzyme active site by identifying covalent inhibitor modified functional groups and also substrate binding order. The mechanism of action for competitive enzyme inhibitors is they are shaped like the substrate and can bind in the enzyme active site, blocking the substrates binding. Competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by increasing the substrate concentration and are reversible. Competitive inhibitors could be used to determine enzyme substrate affinities by finding out how much substrate is required and how long it takes to get back to  ½ Vmax. The mechanism of action for non-competitive enzyme inhibitors is they bind in a place other than the enzyme active site, allowing the substrate to bind, but they destabilize the transition state which hinders the enzyme by obstructing its proper performance and reducing Vmax. Non- competitive inhibitors are reversible, but cannot be outcompeted because they do not bind to the active site. Non-competitive inhibitors could be used to determine an enzymes induced fit mode of action as the substrate would still be able to bind, but not fully react. The mechanism of action for uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors is the substrate and inhibitor bind together in multi-substrate enzymes. While substrate binding and Km seem better, velocity is less because the inhibitor acts as part of the substrate. They are reversible. Uncompetitive inhibitors could be used to determine effective drug therapies by inhibiting an enzyme to varying degrees without permanently altering it, counter acting large amounts of the multi-substrate enzyme but not eliminating it from performing other useful functions. (10) 4. In discussing advances in molecular biotechnology, we mentioned 2 processes whose names sound remarkably similar called RFLP and AFLP. These two processes indeed share some similarities, but have many differences. Briefly explain 2 significant similarities that these share in their processes. Briefly explain 2 significant differences in terms of what these processes are used for. One similarity in RFLP and AFLP processes is cutting DNA for RFLP and cDNA for AFLP with restriction enzymes to create fragments. Another similarity is that DNA is electrophoresed in RFLP to separate different sized restriction fragments creating unique patterns for organisms or individuals (with the exception of twins) much like fingerprints and used for comparison. PCR products are electrophoresed in AFLP to compare tissues, experiments or expression profiling. One difference in what these processes are used for is RFLP is used to compare DNA from people or organisms for genetic fingerprinting and forensics, and AFLP is used to profile gene expressions (requiring mRNA to be converted to cDNA) of uncharacterized tissues, organisms or experiments. Another difference is AFLP can be used for Quantitative Trait Loci which help identify multifactorial inheritance of traits and assist in genome mapping, whereas RFLP is not used for QTL, but can be used for identifying a persons predisposition for a particular disease. (10) 5. Life on the planet Zornock encodes its genetic info in overlapping nucleotide triplets such that the translation apparatus shifts only one nucleotide at a time. In other words, if we had the nucleotide sequence ABCDEF on Earth this would be two codons (ABC DEF) whereas on Zornock it would be 4 codons (ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF) and the beginning of two others. Briefly explain and compare the effect of each of the following types of mutations on the amino acid sequence of a protein in 1) an earthling and 2) a Zornocker. A. The addition of one nucleotide. B. The deletion of one nucleotide. C. The deletion of 3 consecutive nucleotides. Assume these all occur in the middle of a gene. X = added nucleotide, ? = unknown nucleotide A1. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce the original codon ABC, a new codon XDE and one codon beginning F. A2. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the Zornocker would create one new codon, making a total of 5 codons, (ABC, BCX, CXD, XDE, DEF) and the beginning of two other codons EF? and F. B1. The deletion of one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce one original codon, ABC and two different beginnings EF? and F. B2. The deletion one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the Zornocker would result in 3 complete codons, ABC, BCE and CEF and two beginnings EF? and F. C1. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would result in one new codon, ABF. C2. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the Zornocker would result in one new codon and two partial codons, ABF and the beginnings BF? and F. The insertions and deletions in the earthling would produce a frameshift, creating different codons and a different polypeptide chain from the mutation on. Other effects of the frameshift could be inserting a different AA into the polypeptide or stopping translation altogether. These genotype effects could create non-functioning proteins or fragments, partially functioning proteins or no protein expression. The insertions and deletions in the Zornocker would add or remove codons at the site of the mutation, but would not alter the polypeptide chain after the mutation due to the overlapping nucleotide triplets. (10) 6. Imagine that weve isolated a new and potentially useful mutation in an existing model plant. Our goal as biotechnologists might be to characterize the mutation, figure out what protein it affects, figure out how it is expressed, figure out how it is controlled, and how to best take advantage of it for crop improvement. Using the techniques that weve covered so far, briefly outline a series of experiments and expected results, using at least 5 of the techniques weve discussed, to attempt to achieve the above goals. Hint: There is more than one way to do this. 1 In order to characterize the mutation, we could use Sanger DNA sequencing to determine the amino acid sequence of the mutated gene. We use a primer and DNA polymerase to start DNA synthesis. We then prepare reactions with dideoxynucleotides (ddNTP) for each nitrogenous base, A, T, C and G. We run the reactions with normal nitrogenous bases and one ddNTP nitrogenous base representing either A, T, C or G. The ddNTPs terminate the DNA chains and when all the reactions are electrophoresed on a gel with lanes A, T, C and G, we can read from the bottom up to determine the DNA sequence. We could then compare the DNA sequence to the sequence of the existing model plant to determine the differences in amino acid sequences caused by the mutation. 2. In order to characterize what protein it affects, we could detect gene expression and protein interactions by using qRT-PCR. First we create mRNA by transcribing the mutant DNA genes. Next, we convert the mRNA using reverse transcriptase to cDNA. Then we run a qPCR on the cDNA and add SYBR green to the products. SYBR green intercalates the DNA and we can measure the fluorescence and determine the number of mRNA copies, thus determining which proteins are affected. 3. In order to figure out how it is expressed, we could use DNA microarray and protein microarray analysis. With DNA microarrays we obtain gene chips and hybridize fluorescently labeled cDNA from the tissues containing the mutation. The mutation sample is compared to the model sample in parallel microarrays. A machine then analyzes and overlays the images to measure transcript levels, identify products and determine upregulation and downregulation of many proteins. We could also use protein microarrays which are similar to DNA microarrays, but are used to identify other proteins and compounds a protein interacts with. At times, protein function can be inferred by analyzing the environment in which it is expressed. 4. To figure out how it is controlled, we could use in situ hybridization to locate the mutant gene expression products or RNA molecules produced. First we chemically fix sample tissues to slides. With DNA probes we could localize mRNAs to see which cells and where in these cells the gene is being expressed. We could probe with antibodies to determine which proteins are being translated. We could add or subtract associated enzymes, substrates and cofactors and alter internal and external cell conditions to see how this changes the gene expression and thus determine how the gene is controlled. 5. To determine how best to take advantage of it, we could genetically engineer the model plant with the mutation by inserting the mutant DNA into a Ti plasmid, creating a recombinant Ti plasmid, and have Agrobacterium introduce that into the model plant. The Ti plasmid would recombine with the model plant DNA and create a genetically engineered plant that expresses the new trait. We could then run various experiments on the genetically engineered plant to determine if the trait is expressed as desired and if not, change the variables until we get the advantage we are looking for.

Zeus Essay -- essays research papers

Zeus was the son of Cronus and Rhea, an earlier race of ruling gods called Titans. Cronus was king of all the Titans. Zeus was the brother of Hades and Poseidon, Hades was the god of the underworld and Poseidon was the god of the sea. Together they overthrew their father and the rest of the Titans. All thanks was due to Zeus for the dethrowning of Cronus. You see, before cronus ever had children he heard a prophecy that one of his offsprings would overthrow him, so whenever his wife would have a child he would swallow it. Then, after he had swallowed many babies, she gave birth to Zeus. She grew very fond of him, until Cronus called her to give him the baby so he could swallow it. She hid Zeus in a cave, and she gave Cronus a rock wrapped in cloth. he swallowed it whole just like the other babies. Over the years Zeus grew stronger and wiser. Then, when the time was right he confronted his father and kicked him in the stomach. The shock from this made Cronus vomit up the gods, which were all fully grown now. Zeus and his fellow gods overthrew Cronus and the Titans. Zeus and his brothers decided who would rule over what- Zeus...god of the heavens Poseidon...god of the sea Hades...god of the underworld All the gods shared the earth together. In all of Zeus's pictures he is depicted with a beard and muscles. He's also usually holding a lighting bolt. Zeus married Hera, whom was also his sister. He disguised...